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CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

CHAPTER OUTLINE 1

A LOOK AHEAD 1

1.1 Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century 1

1.2 The Study of Chemistry 1

1.3 SI Units 2

1.4 Significant Figures 3

1.5 Concentration Units of Solution 5

CHEMISTRY in Action 8

Questions & Problems 9

Chapter 2 Colligative Properties of Solutions 10

CHAPTER OUTLINE 10

A LOOK AHEAD 10

2.1 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 10

2.2 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 17

CHEMISTRY in Action 18

Questions & Problems

Chapter 3 Acids and Bases 24

CHAPTER OUTLINE 24

A LOOK AHEAD 24

3.1 Br？nsted Acids and Bases 24

3.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water 25

3.3 pH-A Measure of Acidity 26

3.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 28

3.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 30

3.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 33

3.7 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 35

3.8 Acid-Base Properties of Salts 37

3.9 Lewis Acids and Bases 40

CHEMISTRY in Action 41

Questions & Problems 43

Chapter 4 Buffer Solution and Solubility Equilibria 47

CHAPTER OUTLINE 47

A LOOK AHEAD 47

4.1 The Common Ion Effect 47

4.2 Definition and Composition of Buffer Solution 47

4.3 The Calculations of the pH of Buffer Solutions 48

4.4 Preparing of Buffer Solution with a Specific pH 49

4.5 Solubility Equilibria 50

4.6 Separation of Iony Fractional Precipitation 54

4.7 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility 55

4.8 pH and Solubility 55

CHEMISTRY in Action 57

Questions & Problems 59

Chapter 5 Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry 61

CHAPTER OUTLINE 61

A LOOK AHEAD 61

5.1 Basic Definition 61

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 63

5.3 Enthalpy of Chemical Reaction 65

5.4 Standard Enthalpy Changes of Reaction 67

5.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 70

5.6 Gibbs Free Energy 75

5.7 Thermodynamics in Living System 77

CHEMISTRY in Action 79

Questions and Problems 81

Appendix Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25℃ 83

Chapter 6 Chemical Kiics 87

CHAPTER OUTLINE 87

A LOOK AHEAD 87

6.1 The Rate of a Reaction 87

6.2 The Rate Law 88

6.3 The Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time 91

6.4 Reaction Rate Theory 95

6.5 Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants—The Arrhenius Equation 97

6.6 Catalysis 99

CHEMISTRY in Action 101

Questions & Problems 103

Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium 107

CHAPTER OUTLINE 107

A LOOK AHEAD 107

7.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 107

7.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions 109

7.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kiics and Chemical Equilibrium 115

7.4 Applications of Equilibrium Constant 115

7.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium 119

CHEMISTRY in Action 123

Questions & Problems 125

Chapter 8 Electrochemistry 129

CHAPTER OUTLINE 129

A LOOK AHEAD 129

8.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 129

8.2 Galvanic Cells 134

8.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 136

8.4 Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions 139

8.5 The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf 141

CHEMISTRY in Action 143

Questions & Problems 146

Chapter 9 Structure of Atoms and Periodic Relationships Among the Elements 149

CHAPTER OUTLINE 149

A LOOK AHEAD 149

9.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory 149

9.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 152

9.3 Dual Nature of the Electron 154

9.4 Quantum Mechanics 155

9.5 Quantum Number 157

9.6 Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies 159

9.7 Electron Configuration 162

9.8 The Periodic Table and Classification of the Elements 168

9.9 Periodic Variation in Element Properties 170

CHEMISTRY in Action 180

Questions & Problems 183

Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding and Intermolecular Forces 187

CHAPTER OUTLINE 187

A LOOK AHEAD 187

10.1 Valence Bond Theory 187

10.2 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 194

10.3 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Multiple Bonds 199

10.4 Molecular Orbital Theory 2

10.5 Intermolecular Forces 9

CHEMISTRY in Action 213

Questions & Problems 216

Chapter 11 Coordination Compounds 219

CHAPTER OUTLINE 219

A LOOK AHEAD 219

11.1 Overview of Coordination Compounds 219

11.2 Structure of Coordination Compounds 222

11.3 Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory 224

11.4 Reactions of Coordination Compounds 228

11.5 Applications of Coordination Compounds 230

CHEMISTRY in Action 231

Questions & Problems 232

Chapter 12 Titrimetric Methods of Analysis 235

CHAPTER OUTLINE 235

A LOOK AHEAD 235

12.1 Uncertainty in Measurement 235

12.2 Overview of Titrimetry 236

12.3 Acid-Base Titrations 237

12.4 Oxidation-Reduction Titration 242

12.5 Complexometric Titration 243

CHEMISTRY in Action 244

Questions & Problems 246

Chapter 13 Nuclear Chemistry 249

CHAPTER OUTLINE 249

A LOOK AHEAD 249

13.1

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