Outliers 异类:不一样的成功启示录 誉为“21世纪的彼得德鲁克”的《纽约客》杂志专职作家Malcolm Gladwell（马尔科姆格拉德威尔）力作 当当5星级英文学习产品 mobi 下载 fb2 夸克云 azw3 网盘 pdf pmlz

In this stunning new book, Malcolm Gladwell takes us on an

intellectual journey through the world of ''outliers'' the best and

the brightest, the most famous and the most successful. He asks the

question: what makes high-achievers different? His answer is that

we pay too much attention to what successful people are like, and

too little attention to where they are from: that is, their

culture, their family, their generation, and the idiosyncratic

experiences of their upbringing.

INTRODUCTION

The Roseto Mystery

PART ONE :OPPORTUNITY

ONE The Matthew Effect

TWO The 10000-Hour Rule

THREE The Trouble with Geniuses,Part 1

　FOUR The Trouble with Geniuses,Part 2

　FIVE The Three Lessons of Joe Flom

PART TWO:LEGACY

　SIX Harlan,Kentucky

　SEVEN The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes

　EIGHT Rice Paddies and Math Tests

　NINE Marita's Bartgain

　EPILOGUE A Jamaical Story

Notes

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INDEX

　　Malcolm Gladwell is a staff writer for The New Yorker. He was

formerly a business and science reporter at the Washington

Post.

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在线阅读地址：Outliers 异类:不一样的成功启示录 誉为“21世纪的彼得德鲁克”的《纽约客》杂志专职作家Malcolm Gladwell（马尔科姆格拉德威尔）力作 当当5星级英文学习产品在线阅读

在线听书地址：Outliers 异类:不一样的成功启示录 誉为“21世纪的彼得德鲁克”的《纽约客》杂志专职作家Malcolm Gladwell（马尔科姆格拉德威尔）力作 当当5星级英文学习产品在线收听

在线购买地址：Outliers 异类:不一样的成功启示录 誉为“21世纪的彼得德鲁克”的《纽约客》杂志专职作家Malcolm Gladwell（马尔科姆格拉德威尔）力作 当当5星级英文学习产品在线购买

拉里奥把中产阶级父母对孩子的教养风格称为“**协调培养**”。这种模式倾向于“发掘孩子的天分，培养孩子的主张和技能。”作为对照，低收入家庭对孩子的教育策略为**“自然成长**”。这些家长把抚养子女成人看作自己的责任，而把孩子的成长与发展看作孩子自己的事儿。

富裕家庭的孩子活动表总被安排得满满的，经常在各类体验中来回穿梭。孩子们**学会与他人协作**完成任务，学会在复杂的组织结构中应付自如。他们还学会如何**舒服地与成年人打交道**，在必要的时候清晰地表达自己的观点。

贾维斯研究了1 741例精神错乱，其中有205例是过度学习造成的。因此，“精神错乱的诱因，教育占了大部分。”

马太效应：凡是有的，还要加给他，叫他有余；没有的，连他所有的，也要夺过来——《新约·马太福音》。

换句话说，成功者就是获得这些特殊机遇的人，他们因此最终取得了更大的进步：富有者因取得了更多的减税优惠而变得更富有；成绩优异的学生因获得了更优秀的老师的指导、更多的关注而取得更好的成绩；冰球队9岁至10岁间的孩子中年纪稍大者获得了更多的指导和训练而变得更优秀。

在社会学领域，成功就是“优势积累”的结果。

职业冰球队员一开始只比最初所在球队的队友好一点点，然而这微小的优势带来的机遇，扩大了他和那些队友之间的差距，随后差距与机会交替发挥作用，微小的差距被越拉越大——最终被选中的队员成了真正出众的天才。天才并非一开始就表现出众，起初他只是比别人优秀那么一点点。

一个人在学习的过程中，要完美掌握某项复杂技能，就要一遍又一遍艰苦练习，练习的时长必须达到一个最小临界量。

研究发现，任何一个领域的世界级水平都需要起码10000小时的训练。10000小时是取得伟大成就的神奇数字。

门槛效应：既然智力因素仅在某种程度上发挥作用，那么超越这一程度，智力发挥不了作用的时候，另外一些因素就开始发挥作用了。

这有点像打篮球：一旦你的身高足够高，人们就开始关注你的速度、球感、灵活性以及球技和投篮准确性了。

发散性思维测试：要求你运用想象力，寻找尽量多的不同的可能性。这类测试中不存在唯一答案；测试的目的是得出你答案的数量和独特性；测试分析的不是你的智力而是你的创造力。

瑞文标准推理测验要求你将可能性分类，排除其他可能性，并努力找到唯一答案，属于收敛性测试。

编辑推荐

Amazon.com Review

Amazon Best of the Month, November 2008: Now that he's gotten us

talking about the viral life of ideas and the power of gut

reactions, Malcolm Gladwell poses a more provocative question in

Outliers: why do some people succeed, living remarkably productive

and impactful lives, while so many more never reach their

potential? Challenging our cherished belief of the "self-made man,"

he makes the democratic assertion that superstars don't arise out

of nowhere, propelled by genius and talent: "they are invariably

the beneficiaries of hidden advantages and extraordinary

opportunities and cultural legacies that allow them to learn and

work hard and make sense of the world in ways others cannot."

Examining the lives of outliers from Mozart to Bill Gates, he

builds a convincing case for how successful people rise on a tide

of advantages, "some deserved, some not, some earned, some just

plain lucky."

Outliers can be enjoyed for its bits of trivia, like why most

pro hockey players were born in January, how many hours of practice

it takes to master a skill, why the descendents of Jewish immigrant

garment workers became the most powerful lawyers in New York, how a

pilots' culture impacts their crash record, how a centuries-old

culture of rice farming helps Asian kids master math. But there's

more to it than that. Throughout all of these examples--and in more

that delve into the social benefits of lighter skin color, and the

reasons for school achievement gaps--Gladwell invites conversations

about the complex ways privilege manifests in our culture. He

leaves us pondering the gifts of our own history, and how the world

could benefit if more of our kids were granted the opportunities to

fulfill their remarkable potential. --Mari Malcolm

--This text refers to the Hardcover edition.

From Publishers Weekly

SignatureReviewed by Leslie ChangIn Outliers, Gladwell (The Tipping

Point) once again proves masterful in a genre he essentially

pioneered—the book that illuminates secret patterns behind everyday

phenomena. His gift for spotting an intriguing mystery, luring the

reader in, then gradually revealing his lessons in lucid prose, is

on vivid display. Outliers begins with a provocative look at why

certain five-year-old boys enjoy an advantage in ice hockey, and

how these advantages accumulate over time. We learn what Bill

Gates, the Beatles and Mozart had in common: along with talent and

ambition, each enjoyed an unusual opportunity to intensively

cultivate a skill that allowed them to rise above their peers. A

detailed investigation of the unique culture and skills of Eastern

European Jewish immigrants persuasively explains their rise in

20th-century New York, first in the garment trade and then in the

legal profession. Through case studies ranging from Canadian junior

hockey champions to the robber barons of the Gilded Age, from Asian

math whizzes to software entrepreneurs to the rise of his own

family in Jamaica, Gladwell tears down the myth of individual merit

to explore how culture, circumstance, timing, birth and luck

account for success—and how historical legacies can hold others

back despite ample individual gifts. Even as we know how many of

these stories end, Gladwell restores the suspense and serendipity

to these narratives that make them fresh and surprising.One hazard

of this genre is glibness. In seeking to understand why Asian

children score higher on math tests, Gladwell explores the

persistence and painstaking labor required to cultivate rice as it

has been done in East Asia for thousands of years; though

fascinating in its details, the study does not prove that a

rice-growing heritage explains math prowess, as Gladwell asserts.

Another pitfall is the urge to state the obvious: No one, Gladwell

concludes in a chapter comparing a high-IQ failure named Chris

Langan with the brilliantly successful J. Robert Oppenheimer, not

rock stars, not professional athletes, not software billionaires

and not even geniuses—ever makes it alone. But who in this day and

age believes that a high intelligence quotient in itself promises

success? In structuring his book against that assumption, Gladwell

has set up a decidedly flimsy straw man. In the end it is the

seemingly airtight nature of Gladwell's arguments that works

against him. His conclusions are built almost exclusively on the

findings of others—sociologists, psychologists, economists,

historians—yet he rarely delves into the methodology behind those

studies. And he is free to cherry-pick those cases that best

illustrate his points; one is always left wondering about the data

he evaluated and rejected because it did not support his argument,

or perhaps contradicted it altogether. Real life is seldom as neat

as it appears in a Malcolm Gladwell book. (Nov.)Leslie T. Chang is

the author of Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing

China (Spiegel & Grau).

Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed

Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. --This text refers to the

Hardcover edition.

Review

"....[Gladwell's] flair for narrative serves him well as a reader.

Gladwell builds dramatic tension into his storytelling from the

unique childhood of software tycoon Bill Gates to the secrets of

success found along the rice fields of ancient China and Japan

making for an engaging listening experience...." (Publishers Weekly

)

"Like his previous work, THE TIPPING POINT, BLINK is a

thought-provoking, category-defying book. The audio is read by the

author with care and conviction." (AudioFile Magazine ) --This text

refers to the Audio CD edition.

名人推荐

Observer

'A global phenomenon, one of the most brilliant and influential

writers of his generation ... there is, it sometimes seems, no

subject over which Gladwell cannot scatter some magic dust ... he

has a genius for making everything he writes seem like an

impossible adventure' --This text refers to the Hardcover

edition.

The Times

'His inspiring, revelatory attempt to look at the qualities that

aren't mentioned enough in a culture of individualism ... he is the

best kind of writer - the kind who makes you feel like you're a

genius, rather than that he's a genius' --This text refers to the

Hardcover edition.

Guardian

'Gladwell is not only a brilliant storyteller; he can see what

those stories tell us, the lessons they contain ... and Gladwell

shows that it can be immense fun' --This text refers to the

Hardcover edition.

Evening Standard

'An exceptionally well-written book ... like a 90,000 word essay by

Geroge Orwell, with a bit of help from Jonathan Kellerman ... I

wanted to cheer or clap ... Outliers is perhaps the ultimate

Gladwell book' --This text refers to the Hardcover edition.

媒体评论

张瑞敏、李开复、唐骏、潘石屹、徐小平、叶茂中、徐静蕾、陆川、曾子墨、胡一虎、冯唐等社会各界知名人士一致推荐中国读者阅读《异类:不一样的成功启示录》。

You will never again think as you did before about [success] ...

This book deserves the gold star that adorns its front cover' -

A.C. Grayling, The Times 'Gladwell deploys a wealth of fascinating

data and information to illustrate his thesis ... Outliers

challenges accepted wisdom' FT 'Malcolm Gladwell is a cerebral and

jaunty writer, with an unusual gift for making the complex seem

simple' Observer 'Makes geniuses look a bit less special, and the

rest of us a bit more so' Time